With the recent finding of deadly Ricin powders in the Capitol Hill, United States, a renewed bio-terror threat again brought the ‘American life’ to a standstill. This is the second incidence after the Anthrax attack of 2001, which undermined the much hyped preparedness and surveillance against terrorism (part of Homeland Security). Unlike the earlier event, the alert agencies could only reduce its lethality. Since the finding of ricin in a letter addressed to Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist on February 2, 2003 the Administration closed three Senate office buildings and some 40 odd Senate office workers had been decontaminated with usual disruption of work. Till now, while denouncing that it’s a handiwork of terror networks, the authorities zeroed down their suspicions on the truckers.

Ricin, a potential biological toxin for crime syndicates and terrorist outfits for murder and creating fear, is a by-product (a glycoprotein) in the production of castor oil from castor beans. The large castor plant, a native to Africa and cultivated in India and Brazil along with other tropical and temperate climates, largely for their oil, is grown commercially for the pharmaceutical and industrial uses of its oil. Its fruit are often removed before they mature because of the poison ricin concentrated in the beanlike seeds.

Although it requires a significant amount of castor beans to develop a weaponised aerosol device, its main threat is by direct contact through inhalation and by ingestion. The incubation and lethality depends on the mode of entry into the host. Not as lethal as Anthrax, an estimate shows that it would take 4 tons of aerosolized ricin to equal the killing power of one kilogram of Anthrax. But it is 6,000 times more powerful than cyanide. While there is no known cure for a ricin victim, if penetrated through skin, ricin can cause hemorrhage of the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys leading to multi-organ system failure followed by death in less than a week.

Regarded as the weapon of ‘targeted assassination’, ricin came to prominence of notoriety during the heights of Cold War when suspected KGB agents killed a Bulgarian dissident journalist, Georgia Markov, by using a toxin-laced pellet fired from an umbrella tip in 1978 on London’s Waterloo Bridge. And approximately a quarter century after, ricin became a matter of concern, when western intelligence agency broke the news that Al Qaeda along with other terror networks has it and an attack was in the offing.

In 2003, at least four ricin related incidents took place.  In the beginning of the year, on January 5, 2003, six Algerians, believed to be a part of ‘Chechen network’ (or, Ansar al-Islam, a group linked to Al-Qaeda and Iraq) were arrested during a raid on a flat in Wood Green, North London, by the British security agencies on charges of being in the possession of ricin. Castor seeds and equipments to make ricin were recovered from the flat. In March, traces of ricin were found by the police in two phials inside a locker at Gare de Lyon railway station in Paris. On October 2003 a metallic container with ricin was discovered at a Greenville, postal facility in South Carolina, United States. The small container had a threatening note, expressing anger against regulations overseeing the truck (transport) industry. A recent disclosure confirms that traces of ricin were also found in mail bound for the White House in November 2003. However, no one was hurt in any of the four cases due to the toxin.

The United States Chemical Warfare Service had started studying ricin poison as a potential weapon during World War I. During the Second World War, a ricin bomb (Code named as Compound W or W-bomb) was developed by the British military at the Porton Down biological weapons establishment situated at Wiltshire in western England. In recent times, due to the fear factor involved and cost effectiveness, the deadly toxin has found its way into the arsenals of rogue states, crime syndicates, and transnational terrorist groups. During 1980s, ricin was allegedly used on the battlefield during the Iraq-Iran war. As per the UNSCOM’s investigation, Iraq had 155–mm shells filled with ricin toxin. Syria, according to UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), had produced and stored between five and eighteen metric tons of castor beans annually between 1980 and 1995. However, there was no such evidence of ricin isolation. During the war on terror, US forces claimed to have found crude ricin in the hideouts of the Al Qaeda near Kabul in November 2001. Till now it is tested only on livestock and patients under medical supervision, but never used against soldiers or civilians for an offensive purpose. Nevertheless, with all fear factors intact, its easy availability and technology could lure underground outfits to lunch an attack using ricin to perpetrate mass panic, if not mass destruction. The possibility is not remote.